Dietary and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Premature Myocardial Infarction: A Case-Control Study

Abstract

Objectives: Unhealthy lifestyle habits and low levels of physical activity are well-established contributors to coronary artery disease (CAD). However, there is limited research on the association of premature myocardial infarction (MI) with the traditional diet and lifestyle of the Pakistani population. This study aims to identify the dietary and lifestyle risk factors most prominently associated with premature MI in this population.

Methodology: The study included 221 patients diagnosed with MI and 221 age-matched controls without MI. Detailed demographic profiles and dietary habits of all participants were recorded using a food frequency questionnaire specifically tailored to traditional Pakistani dietary patterns. Statistical analysis included the Chi-square test for categorical variables, Pearson correlation for associations, and independent sample t-tests for comparing means between the two groups. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia emerged as the most prevalent risk factors for MI. In the disease group, a lack of formal exercise, higher waist circumference, and elevated BMI were significantly associated with disease prevalence. Diet-related risk factors included frequent consumption of vegetable ghee, processed wheat, and red meat. Interestingly, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in the consumption of whole milk, rice, desi ghee, or butter.

Conclusion: This study highlights the urgent need for preventive strategies to address the rising burden of ischemic heart disease in Pakistan. It highlights the role of dietary modifications, increased physical activity, and preventive cardiology services to curb the epidemic of CAD. Lifestyle interventions targeting young populations, Specifically focusing on the risk factors, are critical to mitigating the growing prevalence of cardiovascular disorders in the region.